INTRODUCTION:

“In pregnancy, there are two bodies, one inside the other. Two people live under one skin. When so much of life is dedicated to maintaining our integrity as distinct beings, this bodily tandem is an uncarry fact.”

The maternal health status of Indian woman was noted to be lower as compared to other developed countries. Promotion of maternal and child health has one of the family welfare program of the government of India for sustainable growth and development of country. There is a need to improve Maternal and Child Health care in the country. Safe motherhood by providing good antenatal care is very important to reduce maternal mortality ratio and infant mortality ratio.Safe motherhood initiates a worldwide effort that was launched by the World Health Organisation in 1987 which aimed to reduce the number of deaths associated with pregnancy and childhood .Appropriate antenatal care (ANC) is one of the pillars of this initiative. It highlights the care of antenatal women as an important element in maternal health care outcomes and healthy babies.Improving maternal health is one of the eight millennium development mentioned goals under Millennium Development Goal 5(MDG5) countries committed to reduce maternal mortality by the quarters between 1990 and 2015. Since 1990 maternal deaths worldwide have dropped by 47%.Malnutrition is one of the widespread problem. According to World Health Organisation 2005 report 536000 maternal death due to pregnancy and childbirth estimated worldwide. MDG5 improving 1990-2015 about ¾ death new report of WHO, UNICEF, WORLD BANK 34% has declared from estimated.

WHO report (2008) 34900 die in pregnancy and childbirth each year. 90% of these occurred in developing countries. 20% die due to indirect cause including maternal Malnutrition during pregnancy. Maternal Mortality Rate-1/7300 in developed countries and 75/7300 in developing countries.

There are many ways of changing health system to help women access antenatal care such as new health policies, educating heath workers and health services reorganization. Community intervention to help people change their behaviour can also order play an important role example so of these interventions are: media campaigns reaching many people, enabling communities to take control of their own health, informative education.

Safe motherhood initiative, a worldwide effort was achieved by the worldwide effort was launched by World Health Organisation in 1987 which aimed to reduce the number of deaths associated with pregnancy and childbirth. Appropriate antenatal care (ANC) is one of the pillars of this initiative. It highlights the care of antenatal Healthcare as an important element in maternal Healthcare as appropriate care will lead to successful pregnancy outcome and healthy babies.

Improving maternal health with one of the 8 millennium development goals (MDG5) under MDG5 countries committed to reducing maternal mortality by 3 quarters between 1997. There were 301 deaths per 100000 live birth in 2006.

In India data from the most recent national family health survey-3 suggest that the maternal mortality ratio has fallen from approximately 400 deaths per 100000 live births in 1997 to 301 deaths per 100000 live birth in 2006.

The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in India has been maintained at a higher level since long. It was reported that the MMR among the Indian women national average of MMR is 212 per 100000 live birth (SRs-2007-2009) which is itself is very high compared to the international scenario like Sweden (5) USA (24) and Brazil (58) and even in neighbouring countries such as Sri Lanka (39) and Thailand (48). Although the health status of women has improved over the years due to the concentrated efforts of government of India still not at part with the international bench and is unacceptably high. Heath outcomes to establish in the 5 year plan care to reduce infant mortality rate to 25 per 1000 live births, to reduce Maternal Mortality ratio to 100 per 100000live birth by 2017.

To improve maternal health, barriers that limit access to quality maternal health services must be identified and addressed at all levels of heath system. Health knowledge is an important element to enable women to be aware of their health status and the importance of appropriate ANC. Very few studies were carried out in India about this aspect of maternal health and hence data is this regard is scarcely available

In many countries women are given a summary of either care including important background information about their pregnancy. For example their medical history, growth chart and any seen reports. Million of births are not attended by doctors, nurses, midwives despite Indians booming economy which grew at nearly 9% in each of the post three years. Literature shows that in India most of the mothers have poor knowledge regarding antenatal, intranatal and postnatal care. Illiteracy, poverty and lack of communication and transport facility make them vulnerable to serious consequences though they are prominent care providers within the family and key to human development and wellbeing. The fundamental right to health is derived to them in most parts of the world. The death of mother increases the risk to the survival of ten young children as the family cannot substitute a maternal role. Today nurses and midwives have an important role in Healthcare promotion and prevention. Dissemination of health related information to the client family and community is one of the important functions of midwives in caring pregnant women and attaining safe motherhood. Providing information to the pregnant women about prenatal care visits help to ensure a safe and healthy pregnancy. Pregnant women and their family need to be able to recognize the sign of Labour and the danger sign of pregnancy. They need to have plans and resources for obtaining skilled care for the birth and immediate help of problem arise.

Antenatal care coverage is success story in q Africa, since over two third of pregnant women (69%) have at least one ANC contact. However to achieve the full life saving potential that ANC promises for women and babies for visits providing essential evidence based intervention , a package after called Focused antenatal care in required (WHO 2005). Antenatal service comprises complete health supervision of the pregnant women in order to maintain, protect and promote health and wellbeing of the mother and foetus (Ojo2004).

The focused antenatal services refer to minimum number of four antenatal clinic visits, each of which has specific items of client assessment, education and care to ensure early detection and prompt management of complication 2011.

Ekabua, Ekabua and Njoku, 2011

Focused antenatal care which is evidence based, client centered, goal directed care, provided by skilled health providers with emphasis on quality rather than frequency of visits, is an approach to be adopted globally. The approach accepts the view that every pregnant women is at risk of complication and that all women should therefore; receive the same basic care and monitoring for complication.

Raising awareness of women or danger sign during antenatal child birth and the post partum period is crucial for safe motherhood. Any women can develop life threatening complication at any stage of pregnancy, delivery and postpartum period as can the newborn especially in the first few days post delivery. A pregnancy can be a very exciting and wonderful in a women life. Unfortunately, it can also be a very scary time when something does not go as planned.

Most women will have normal pregnancy with no complication whatsoever normal pregnancy may be accompanied by some problems and complication which are potentially life threatening to the mother and foetus. Danger signs during pregnancy include vaginal bleeding, convulsions, pelvic or abdominal pain, persistent back pain, gush of fluid from vagina, swelling of the hands or face, severe headache, blurring of vision, regular contraction prior to 37 weeks and absence of foetal movement. The vast majority of maternal mortality and morbidity is avoidable through timely use of obstetric care.

As literature indicates in developing countries the figure is about 480 maternal deaths for every 1,00,000 live births. In developed countries, there are about 27 maternal deaths for every 1,00,000 live births. Globally, every minute at least woman dies from complication related to pregnancy or child birth; that means about 5,29,000 women a year.

According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) states that in India, every year about 78,000 mothers die in child birth and from complications of pregnancy. It is mainly due to large number of deliveries conducted at home by untrained persons, lack of adequate referral facilities to provide emergency obstetric care for complicated cases and contribute to high maternal morbidity and mortality. Social stigma associated with seeking care and the lack of awareness about illness that require care have been identified as major problems.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

A study to assess the knowledge of Healthy and Harmful practices of Antenatal care among antenatal women in the rural area of Dehradun.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

• To assess the existing knowledge of Healthy and Harmful practices of Antenatal care among women.

• To find out the association between knowledge score and their demographic variables.

HYPOTHESIS:

• There will be a significant association between the knowledge score and their demographic variable

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS:

• Knowledge: It is the level of understanding of the pregnant women about antenatal practices and care on the basis of the score obtained in the knowledge questionnaire on various aspects of antenatal care.

• Healthy and Harmful Practice: It is the degree of Antenatal practices followed by the pregnant women on the basis of the score obtained in the practice questionnaire on the various aspects of antenatal practices and care.

• Antenatal Care: Care provided to a pregnant mother in those aspects like Diet, Exercises, Adequate sleep, Hygienic practices, Immunization antenatal check up, Breastfeeding and Breast care.

• Antenatal Women: Pregnant mother refers to woman who are pregnant and in the age group between 19 to 35 years.

ASSUMPTIONS:

• All women may have more knowledge rather than the age group of 15-20 years.

• Women having little knowledge regarding antenatal practices.

• Women may have experience of antenatal practice.

DELIMITATIONS:

• Pregnant women who are able to read and write English and Hindi.

• Study Duration is limited to 6 weeks.

• Subjects are selected from rural area of Dehradun.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:

J.W.Kenney’s open system Model conceptual framework used in the study based on J.W.Kenney’s open system model. All living system are open in that, there is continuous exchange of matter, energy and information. Open system have varying degree of interaction with the environment from which the system requires input and output and give back output in the form of matter, energy and information. For survival, all system of nursing receive varying type and amount and matter ,energy and information .The main concepts of the open system model are input ,through put ,output and feedback.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of knowledge on a particular topic of research.

The literature has been organized under the following sections:

Section I: Literature related to diet among women.

Section II: Literature related to cultural beliefs among women.

Section III: Literature related to immunization among women.

Section IV: Literature related to antenatal exercises among women.

Section V: Literature related to medical check up among women.

Section VI: Literature related to rest and sleep in woman.

Section VII: Literature related to sexual intercourse among women.

Mooler, M.S.G, 2015, Reported that there are two general food taboos for adult women of Walugeun in Tanganyika. They are not allowed to eat eggs or twin bananas, as they are supposed to lead to the risk of having twins, which is a serious misfortune. Other belief of consumption of eggs by women are that may lead to irregular that menstruation or disappearance of it altogether and that if a woman is in pregnancy, the child will be still born.

Chamberlain, 2015, said that a multi component intervention on improving antenatal vaccination rates within the obstetric setting found that a provider’s recommendation was the factor most strongly associated with actual receipt compared to other components of the interventional package (vaccine, champion, provider-to-patient taking points, educational brochures, posters, upper buttons and i pads) loaded with a patient centered tutorial.

Sujindra E, Bupathy A et.al, 2015, conducted a study to assess the effect of exercise during pregnancy at Indira Gandhi Medical College, Pondicherry, India with a total of 200 antenatal mothers were included in the study who filled in the questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised of 25 questions (21 on knowledge, 3 on attitude and 1 on practice). Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Response rate was 100%. Findings revealed that the age range of the study group was 18 – 35 years with a mean age of 25 ± 4.51 years. The majority of study population were Hindus (81%), had undergone primary education (83%) and were home makers (74%). The total mean knowledge score was 20.53 ± 2.08/. 51% felt it was necessary to do exercise during pregnancy. The knowledge of our women on exercise during pregnancy was less than average and their attitude was favourable.

Rachana Nayak, et.al, 2015, conducted a cross sectional study intertiary care centers, Mangalore, India with pregnant women in their reproductive age between (18 - 40 years) in any trimester who had visited for antenatal check up in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology were included. A self administered questionnaire was developed from previous literatures. Data was analysed using SPSS version 17. Frequencies and percentages were taken out as part of descriptive statistics. The demographic variables in study were 83% of respondents were about 25 years of age and 46% had completed graduations. 46% of study participants were aware of antenatal exercises. Study findings revealed that participants were poor awareness about the role of different exercises and benefits for antenatal care.

Patel BB, Gurmeet P.et.al, 2016, conducted a cross sectional study in Tertiary care centre, Pune Maharashtra among 384 pregnant women in their 3^rd trimester attending antenatal clinic by pre-tested questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20 and OPI Info Software. Findings revealed that 58% women had adequate knowledge regarding ANC. It was found that almost all variables such as age, education, occupation, parity, type of familyand socio-economic status had a significant association with awareness about ANC. 100% women were having a positive attitude towards ANC. Around 70% women were practicing adequately and variables such as education and SES had a significant association with practices about ANC.

Kietmore S, Quedrago I, et.al, 2016, conducted a descriptive cross sectional survey in 10 health centers of Memphis. The pregnant women attending antenatal clinic were interviewed from among 412 pregnant women who participated in survey, the findings revealed that 31.3% said that sex was a taboo subject and 94.2% of them advised that it was possible to have sex during pregnancy. There are 121 (29.4%) pregnant women who believed that sexual intercourse has a negative impact on pregnancy. Those who think sex do not account negative accounted for 60.4% of the cases. The proportion of respondents who have sex during pregnancy was 90%. The average weekly sexual intercourse during pregnancy was 1.1 ± 0.4 as opposed to 2.4 ± 0.35 before pregnancy. This proportion was 3.4% in 2^nd trimester and 66.7% in 3^rd trimester. In 1^st trimester, 76.3% of pregnant women reported a decrease in frequency of orgasm. This rate was 67.7% in the 3^rd trimester. The findings revealed fluctuations in sexual interest during pregnancy have been observed for a better sexual fulfilment during pregnancy, health care provider must ensure a good sexual counselling about sexuality during antenatal cases.

Dora Maria Honorato Carteiro, et.al, 2016, studied that through an integrative literature review with research in databases using the abstract available for analysis referring to pregnant women over 18 years of age written in Portuguese, French, Spanish and English between 2010 and 2014. Study findings revealed that pregnant women with an associated pathology was excluded. Sexual dysfunction in pregnant women is consistent. Clinical indicators can be added to the nursing diagnosis to favour and accurate diagnosis and effective intervention in surveillance of pregnancy as a period of healthy sexual experience.

METHODS AND MATERIALS:

“Method for data collection includes development of tool, testing of validity and reliability and data collection procedure.”

Research Approach:

A quantitative research approach is used for this study. ”A quantitative research is an applied form of research that involves finding out how well a programme, procedure or policy is working.” The main goal is to assess the knowledge regarding healthy and harmful practices among antenatal women of age group between 20-35 years at rural area, Mothrowala, Dehradun.

Research Design:

A research design is the specification of methods and procedures acquiring the information needed. It is the overall operational pattern or framework of the project that stipulates what information is to be collected from which source by what procedures

Variables: Setting

Variables are qualities, properties or characteristics of person, things or situation that change or vary. Three types of variables are used in this study. These are:

• Dependent Variables.

• Extraneous Variables

Dependent Variables:

In this study knowledge is dependent variable.

Extraneous Variables.

In this study extraneous variables are demographic variables which are :Age in years, Education, Occupation, Family income per month, Type of family, Marital status, Previous pregnancy ,Religion.

Settings of the Study:

The study was conducted in rural areas of Mothrowala Sainik Colony, Sapera Basti and Daudwala in Dehradun.

Population:

An antenatal mother is a person aged 20-35 years generally. An antenatal mother is a person who is pregnant or who has conceived. The normal age to be pregnant or to conceive is 20-35 years. Below this age, some complications may arise or after this.

Sample:

Sample consists of the subject of the population selected to participate in a research study.

In this study, the sample comprised of 30 antenatal women who are fulfilling the criteria between the age of 20-35 years in the selected rural areas of Dehradun.

Sample Size:

In this study, the sample size is 30 antenatal women between the age of 20-35 years in the selected rural areas of Dehradun.

Sampling Technique:

In this study, Non probability Convenient sampling technique is used.

Criteria for Sample Selection:

Inclusion Criteria:

• Only antenatal women who are in age between 20-35 years.

• Mothers who are willing to participate.

• Antenatal women who can cooperate and follow instructions.

Exclusion Criteria:

Exclusion Criteria are those characteristics that disqualify prospective subjects from inclusion in the study.

• Those women who are not between the age group of 20-35 years.

• Those antenatal women who are not willing to participate.

• Those antenatal women who do not have residence in given area.

Data collection instrument are:

• Section A: Demographic Variables – It contains 8 items obtaining information regarding – Age in years, Education, Occupation, Family Income per month, Type of Family, Marital Status, Previous pregnancy, Religion.

• Section B: Scoring key

0-15	Inadequate
15-25	Moderate
Above 26	Adequate

Pilot Study:

Pilot study was conducted in rural areas of Dehradun. In order to check the reliability, validity, feasibility and practicability. The investigator obtained written permission from concerned authority Gram Pradhan, Ethical Committee from College Of Nursing and subject prior to the study. Topic was explained to the antenatal women and confidentiality was assured.

Reliability of the Tool:

The tool was administration the subjects and the reliability was found by standard tool so that the reliability was found highly reliable.

Data Collection Procedure:

The purpose and nature of the study was explained to the antenatal women among 20-35 years of age and their consent was obtained. The subject was gathered at rural area in Dehradun. The structured Interview was obtained on Antenatal women who are in age group between 20 to 35 years. The distance from our college to the study area is 10 kilometres. The time taken to reach the study area from our college is 30 minutes. The population of the study area is 60,000. Three areas were selected because of easy access to the population under study and availability of antenatal women around the areas.

Ethical Consideration:

To conduct research study is selected from Ethical Committee of SGRR College of Nursing at Dehradun. Written permission was obtained from village pradhan prior to the data collection. Confidentiality was assured to all the antenatal women to get formal their cooperation. An informed consent was taken from the antenatal women (sample). Data collection was done in selected area.

Plan for Data Analysis:

It was decided to analyse the data by both descriptive and inferential statistics on the basis of objectives and hypothesis of the study. Master data sheet will be prepared by the investigator to analyse the data. The data will be analysed in terms of descriptive (Mean, percentage, standard deviation and inferential statistics) as follows.

Descriptive Statistics:

Frequency, Percentage, mean were used for the analysis of structured questionnaires method.

Inferential Statistics:

Interview test was used to determine the knowledge regarding Healthy and Harmful practices of Antenatal care among antenatal women of age group between 20 to 35 years.

The collected were tabulated, organized, analysed and interpreted using descriptive and inferential statistics based on objective of the study.

Section I: Frequency and distribution of demographic variables of antenatal women.

Section II: Frequency and distribution of level of knowledge on Healthy and Harmful practices of Antenatal care among antenatal women.

Section III: Association of level of knowledge with demographic variable regarding Healthy and Harmful practices of Antenatal care among antenatal women.

Table NO.1, Frequency and distribution of Demographic variables of antenatal women N=30

S. NO

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

FREQUENCY

(F)

AGE:

a) 16-20

b) 21-25

c) 26-30

d) ABOVE 30

3.33%

50%

33.33%

13.33%

2..

Religion:

a) Hindu

b)Muslim

c) Sikh

d) Christian

63.33%

16.66%

3.33%

Education:

a) Illiterate

b) Primary

c) Intermediate

d) Graduate

13.33%

33.33%

30%

23.33%

Occupation:

a) Labour

b) Private job

c) Government job

d) Housewife

20%

16.66%

10%

53.33%

Income:

a) 3000

b) 3001-5000

c) 5001-10000

d) >10000

20%

50%

10%

Family:

a) Nuclear

b) Joint

60%

40%

Pregnancy:

a) Primigravida

b) Multigravida

70%

30%

Type of Food:

a) Vegetarian

b) Non-vegetarian

40.66%

53.33%

Source of knowledge:

a) Family

b) Friends

c) Radio/TV

d) Health Worker

20%

10%

43.33%

26.66%

Table(1), Depicts that the characteristics of the demographic variables out of antenatal women 21(70%) were primi gravida and 9(30%) were multi gravida women. 1(3.33%) belonged to 16-20yr, 15(50%) belong to 21-25yr, 10(33.33%) belong to 26-30yrs and 04(13.33%) of them are in the age group of 30yr. It is observed from the present study that majority 19(63.33%) were Hindu, 5(16.66%) were Muslim, 5(16.66%) were Sikh and 1(3.33%) were Christian. It is found from the study that a 4(13.33%) were illiterate, 10(33.33%) were primary, 9(30%) had intermediate education and 7(23.33%) were graduated. The study depicts that 6(20%) were labour, 5(16.66%) had private job, 3(10%) had government job and rest 16(53.33%) were housewives. It is found that 6(20%) belonged to family income of Rs3000/month, 6(20%) belonged to family income of Rs3001-5000, 15(50%) belonged to family income of 5001-10000 and 3(10%) belonged to family income of Rs10000 and above. The present study reveals that 6(20%) information is got from family, 13(10%) by friends,13(43.33%) from radio/TV and 8(26.66%) from health worker.

AGE

OVER ALL KNOWLEDGE

Table NO.2, Frequency and distribution of Level of knowledge on Healthy and Harmful practices of Antenatal care among antenatal women. N=30

S.No.	Level of Knowledge	Frequency (F)	Percentage (%)
1.	Inadequate Knowledge	15	50%
2.	Moderate Knowledge	14	46.66%
3.	Adequate Knowledge	01	3.33%

Table(2); Depicts that, the majority 15(50%) of antenatal women had inadequate knowledge on healthy and harmful practices, 14(46.66%)had moderate knowledge and 01(3.33%) had adequate knowledge regarding healthy and harmful practices of antenatal women.

Table(3);Association of level of knowledge with demographic variable regarding healthy and harmful practices among antenatal women.

N=30

S.NO

Demographic data

Inadequate Knowledge

Moderate Knowledge

Adequate Knowledge

Degree of freedom

Chi-square

Tabular Value

Level of Association

Age:

16-20

21-25

26-30

Above 30

3.039

12.59

Religion:

Hindu

Muslim

Sikh

Christian

6.44

12.59

Education:

Illiterate

Primary

Intermediate

Graduate

8.58

12.59

Occupation:

Labour

Private job

Government job

Housewife

10.055

12.59

Income:

3000

3001-5000

5001-10000

>10000

4.71

12.59

Family:

Nuclear

Joint

1.604

5.99

Pregnancy:

Primi gravida

Multi gravida

0.519

5.99

Type of Food:

Vegetarian

Non-vegetarian

1.736

5.99

Knowledge Source:

Family

Friends

Radio/TV

Health Worker

12.599

12.59

# Non-Significant

*Significant (level of significance is 0.05%)

Table (3); Association of level of knowledge with demographic variable regarding healthy and harmful practices among antenatal women.According to Age Table no.(3), reveals that in 16-24yr only 1 woman had inadequate knowledge, in age group 21-25yr 8 women had inadequate knowledge, 5 had moderate and 1 had adequate knowledge, 26-30yr group 5 had inadequate knowledge and other 5 had moderate knowledge. Women above 30 year had no adequate knowledge. The degree of freedom of age came out to be 6 with tabular value 12.59, x2=3.039 and level of association was non-significant.According to Education,15 women from illiterate to graduate had inadequate knowledge, 14 had moderate and only 1 had adequate knowledge. The degree of freedom of this variable is 6,x2=8.58 and level of association was non-significant.

According to Pregnancy,10 primigravida women had inadequate knowledge,10 had moderate knowledge and 1 had adequate knowledge;5 of multigravida women had inadequate knowledge, 4 had moderate knowledge and none had adequate knowledge .The degree of freedom came out to be 2,x2=0.519 and tabular value 5.99.The level of association was non-significant. According to Source of knowledge, the study reveals that 6(20%) information is got from family 13(10%) is by friends , 13(43.33%) is by radio/Tv and 8(26.66%) knowledge source is health workers and the collected data is significant. There is a significant association between source of knowledge and level of knowledge. Research hypothesis was accepted and null hypothesis was rejected. There was no significant association between the level of knowledge and demographic variables such as Age, Religion, Education, Occupation, Income, Family, Pregnancy and Type of food. Research hypothesis was rejected and null hypothesis was accepted.

DISCUSSION:

The purpose of the discussion is to interpret and describe the significance of your findings in light of what was already known about the research problem being investigated and to explain any new understanding or insights about the problem you have taken the finding into consideration. The discussion is always connected to the introduction by way of the research questionnaires and hypothesis you possess and the literature you reviewed, but it does not simply repeat or rearrange the introduction; the discussion should always explain how your study has moved the reader’s understanding of the research problem forward from where you left them at the end of the introduction.

The present study ''A descriptive study to assess the knowledge about Healthy and Harmful practices of Antenatal care among antenatal women at Mothrowala Dehradun''.

It is conducted to assess the knowledge of women of Mothrowala for healthy and harmful practices of antenatal women. The women can be primigravida or multigravida.

Convenient sampling technique was used to select the sample. The data was collected from 30 women using a structured questionnaire. The findings of the study have been discussed with reference to the objective and hypothesis with the findings of other studies. The data is organized, analyzed and presented in table and figure.

Objective (I):-

To assess the existing knowledge of Healthy and Harmful practices of Antenatal care among antenatal women.

Table (2), Depicts that, the majority 15(50%)of antenatal women have inadequate knowledge on healthy and harmful practices,14(46.66%) have moderate knowledge and 01(3.53%) have adequate knowledge regarding healthy regarding healthy and harmful practices of antenatal women.

Supportive study:

Zeng G , Zhang J , 2005, A conducted study to assess the knowledge attitude , practice (KAP) on nutrition and related influencing factor among the ''Floating'' women under pregnancy. China were surveyed cross-sectionally by questionnaires. Most participants expressed a positive attitude towards nutrition and health and on healthy practices .Findings reveal that frequency of the important food (milk ,egg , soyabean , nut , seafood etc. ) intake were not enough during pregnancy .A significantly positive correlation was found between nutrition K,D and P (r=0.322,0.285,0.173;P<0.05) level of education among the pregnant women under mobility and occupation of there husbands were the major contributing factor to their KAP level on nutrition (beta=0.248,0.312;p<0.01) Medical staff, dieticians and specific books were the major source of information on nutrition . More educational program were needed to improve the knowledge and dietary behaviour on nutrition to this population.

Objective (II):-

To find out the association between knowledge score and this demographic variable.

Table(3), Reveals that, in 16-24yr only 1 woman had inadequate knowledge, in age group 21-25yr 8 women had inadequate knowledge, 5 had moderate and 1 had adequate knowledge, 26-30yr group 5 had inadequate knowledge and other 5 had moderate knowledge. Women above 30 yr had no adequate knowledge. The degree of freedom of age came out to be 6 with tabular value 12.59, x2=3.039 and level of association was non-significant.

According to Education,15 women from illiterate to graduate had inadequate knowledge, 14 had moderate and only 1 had adequate knowledge. The degree of freedom of this variable is 6,x2=8.58 and level of association was non-significant.

According to Source of knowledge, the study reveals that 6(20%) information is got from family 13(10%) is by friends, 13(43.33%) is by radio/TV and 8(26.66%) knowledge source is health workers and the collected data is significant.

There is a significant association between source of knowledge and level of knowledge. Research hypothesis was accepted and null hypothesis was rejected. There was no significant association between the level of knowledge and demographic variables such as Age, Religion, Education, Occupation, Income, Family, Pregnancy and Type of food. Research hypothesis was rejected and null hypothesis was accepted.

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BOOKS

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JOURNALS

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WEBSITES:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc4866363.

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Received on 25.09.2017 Modified on 18.11.2017

Int. J. of Advances in Nur. Management. 2018; 6(1):75-83.

DOI: 10.5958/2454-2652.2018.00017.3